Europe is filled with remnants of its Roman heritage, from the grand Porta Nigra in Trier, Germany, and the well-preserved amphitheatre in Nîmes, France, to the quaint Palace of Diocletian in Split, Croatia. The Romans dominated Western Europe and the Mediterranean for over 500 years. To truly understand their history, there’s no better place to start than in the heart of it all—Rome.
In this adventure, we’ll explore the most significant Roman landmarks, which are virtually scattered on every corner, revealing tales from the ancient past.
Let’s start with the epicenter of ancient Rome, the renowned meeting place of history. Rome was founded on Palatine Hill, but the seven hills in the area soon became a central marketplace known as the Forum Romanum. This was where political discussions took place, offerings were made at temples, and triumphal arches showcased the emperors’ victories. Essentially, it was a showcase of Rome’s power and wealth.
Walking through the Forum, you’ll encounter awe-inspiring monuments like the columns of the 2,500-year-old Temple of Saturn and the Arch of Septimius Severus. Further along Via Sacra, you’ll find the Arch of Titus from 82 AD. One must-see spot is the Temple of Antoninus and Faustina. Initially a Roman temple, it now stands well-preserved because it was later incorporated into the church of San Lorenzo in Miranda around 700 AD.
Close by is the Palatine Hill, included in the ticket to the Forum. This hill is where Augustus and later Caesars constructed their royal palaces. The term “palace” originates from the Palatine Hill, influencing similar words in other languages like “palazzo” in Italian and “palais” in French.
The Roman Republic gave way to the Roman Empire 17 years after Julius Caesar’s death when Augustus became the first Roman Emperor in 27 BC. Augustus resided on the Palatine Hill, and while his home was modest, subsequent emperors built grand three-storey palaces overlooking Circus Maximus. The Palace of Domitian, finished in 92 AD, was an epitome of luxury with its public spaces, gardens, private quarters, heated floors, and impressive views.
To fully appreciate the ruins, consider a guided tour. A good guide can vividly reconstruct history, highlighting details like ancient paw prints in cement and explaining how the emperors lived.
Don’t confuse the ruin-filled area along Via dei Fori Imperiali with the Roman Forum. It’s actually the Imperial Fora, an extension of the Roman Forum built by various emperors. Each section corresponds to a different emperor, such as Caesar, Augustus, Nerva, and Trajan. Notable remnants include Caesar’s temple for Venus and Augustus’ temple for Mars the Avenger.
The grandeur of ancient Rome is also embodied in the Colosseum, the largest amphitheatre in the world, finished in AD 80 by Titus. Originally called the Flavian Amphitheatre, it’s now known as the Colosseum due to the colossal statue of Nero that once stood nearby. Back in its prime, it could hold between 50,000 and 80,000 spectators for events like gladiator battles and public executions. Today, you can visit the Colosseum with the same ticket used for the Forum, valid for two days.
Though little remains of the Circus Maximus, the history is palpable. Initially used for chariot racing by the Etruscan kings around 500 BC, it later became a massive venue for 150,000 spectators. Nowadays, it’s a popular spot for dog walkers and public festivals.
For a more leisurely stroll, head to Piazza Navona, once known as Circus Agonalis. Built by Emperor Domitian in the 1st century AD, its current layout hints at its rich past. Present-day Piazza Navona is perfect for a drink while watching the lively Roman life unfold.
Another must-visit is the Pantheon, an integral part of Rome’s urban landscape that’s nearly 1900 years old. Originally a temple, it was converted into a Christian church in 609, which spared it from destruction. The Pantheon is renowned for its massive concrete dome, still the largest unreinforced concrete dome in the world. The surrounding Piazza della Rotonda buzzes with life, offering a perfect spot to enjoy a gelato and soak in the historic ambiance.
For a deeper dive into Rome’s history, consider a self-guided tour based on “Angels and Demons” or explore World War II sites around the city. Extend your stay in Rome to really immerse yourself in its timeless charm.
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